Instrument Oral Checklist |
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| Alternate: When Required | 1-2-3 Rule: [One hour before/after planned arrival; Two thousand foot ceiling; Three miles visibility. | ||
| Alternate: To Qualify As | 600' ceiling and two miles visibility with Precision Approach; 800' ceiling and two miles visibility with nonprecision approach; VFR from the MEA if no approaches. (NA on approach chart means airport may not be used as a filed alternate.) | ||
| Descent below DH or MDA | 1. Position continuously allows normal landing descent and maneuvers; 2. Flight visibility at least the minimum for that approach; 3. At least one of the following visual references distinctly visible and identifiable: Approach lighting system; threshold lights; runway identifier lights; touchdown zone; runway markings or lights. | ||
| Communication Loss Route | 1. Last assigned route; 2. If vectored, to clearance point; 3. Expected; 4. As filed. | ||
| Communications Loss Altitude | Highest of: 1. MEA; 2. Expected; 3. Last Assigned. | ||
| Communications Loss at Clearance Limit | Depart at EFC time; if none, depart IAF per flight planned ETA. | ||
| Communications Loss in VMC | Continue under VFR and land as soon as practicable. | ||
| Required IFR Reports |
1.
Vacating assigned altitude; 2. Changing VFR-On-Top altitude;
3 Unable to maintain 500 fpm in climb/descent; 4. Missed
Approach; 5. TAS change of 10kias or 5%; 6. Anything
affecting safety of flight; 7. Hazardous/not forecast
weather; 8. Entering and leaving a hold;
Non Radar Environment: 1. FAF/Procedure turn inbound; 2. Revised estimate >3 minutes; 3. Where charted (solid triangle) |
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| Position Report Contents | "IPTAEN" Identification; Position; Time; Altitude; Estimated time to next reporting point; Next Fix | ||
| IFR Minimum Altitudes |
MEA:
Minimum Enroute Altitude (Nav signal reception between fixes and
obstacle clearance.
MOCA: Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude (Nav signal reception with 22 miles and obstacle clearance. MCA: Minimum Crossing Altitude: Obstacle clearance enroute to higher Mea. MSA: Minimum Safe Altitude: 1,000' obstacle clearance for emergency operations. MVA: Minimum Vectoring Altitude: Lowest ATC can vector with 1000' obstacle clearance. OROCA: Off-Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude with 1000' obstacle clearance with no nav signal guaranteed. MHA: Minimum Holding Altitude MAA: Maximum Authorized Altitude |
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| VOR Checks | Every 30 days (Paper entry: date, place bearing error and signature). | ||
| VOR Check Types |
VOR
Operational Test (VOT): +/- 4 degrees;
VOR Ground Check: +/-4 degrees Dual VOR Check: +/-4 degrees Designated Airborne Check: +/-6 degrees |
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| Required Aircraft Inspections | "TAPE" Transponder (24 months); Annual; Pitot-static (24 months), and ELT | ||
| Minimum VFR Equipment | "GOOSE-A-CAT" (gas gauge; oil pressure/ oil temp; seatbelts; altimeter; compass; airspeed indicator; tachometer) | ||
| Minimum IFR Instruments | "HAC A RAT" (Heading Indicator; Attitude Indicator; Clock; Altimeter (adjustable); Radio; Alternator/generator; Turn Coordinator) | ||
| Pilot Currency | "6-6 Rule" Six approaches within six months with holding and course intercepts. If out of currency, pilot has 6 months to get current; If not current by then, pilot must receive an IPC (Instrument Proficiency Check by any CFII) | ||
| Squawk Codes | 1200 - VFR; 7500 - Hijack; 7600 - Com Failure; 7700 Emergency; 7777 Military; 4000 Military operating in Restricted/Warning Areas. | ||
| Mode C Required | Above 10,000'; Class A,B,C airspace; Within 30 miles of Class B airport; Overflying B or C airspace. | ||
| DME Required | Above 24,000' if being used for navigation. | ||
| Minimum IFR Fuel | To destination, shoot the approach, then to Alternate, then 45 minutes (day and night). | ||
| Cruise Clearance | ATC assigned block of airspace from assigned altitude down to MEA. Climb back up required ATC clearance. | ||
| Contact Approach | 1. Requested by pilot; 2. visibility 1 mile min; 3. Airport as instrument approach; 4. must remain clear of clouds. | ||
| Visual Approach | Airport must have 1000' ceiling and 3 miles visibility and airport must be in sight. | ||
| Marker Beacons | Outer (Blue) - - - -- ; Middle (Amber) .-.-; Inner (White) .. .. | ||
| Instrument Approach Segments | 1. Feeder Route [from enroute to IAF]: 2. Initial Approach Segment [Begins at IAF and ends at the Intermediate Fix or Final Approach Course]; 3. Intermediate Approach Segment [Begins at Final Approach Course and ends at FAF]; 4. Final Approach Segment [Begins at FAF and ends at Missed Approach Point.]; 5. Missed Approach Segment [Begins at MAP and ends at missed approach holding fix.] | ||
| Missed Approach Point Defined |
Precision
Approach: DH on the Glideslope
Nonprecision Approach: MDA at a fix defined by a navaid or specified elapsed-time after crossing FAF. Circling Approach: Anytime visual contact with the airport is lost. |
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| Circling Approach: |
Instrument
approach course alignment >30 deg with runway
Unfavorable surface winds or runway closure. Circling Radius: Based upon approach speed (1.3 x Vso). |
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| Magnetic Compass |
Variation:
Caused by difference between true north and magnetic north. (East is
least/West is best by isogonic lines).
Deviation: Caused by magnetic fields within the airplane. True Course +/- wind correction +/-variation = Magnetic Course +/-Deviation =Compass Course |
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| Compass Errors |
Acceleration
Error: "ANDS" On east/west heading,
acceleration causes compass turn to north; deceleration causes
compass turn to south.
Turning Error: Turns to/from north, compass lags the turn; Turns to/from south, compass leads the turn. |
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| Heading Indicator |
Gyroscopic
instrument.
Tumbling: occurs when pitch or bank exceeds 55 degrees. Precession: result of bearing friction and/or unbalanced components. Maximum allowable precession rate is 3 degrees in 15 minutes. |
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| Sensitive Altimeter |
Aneroid
capsules enclosed in a case vented to static air. Thickness of
capsules changes with air pressure.
Errors: Temperature/Pressure. High to low (hot to cold), watch out below (altimeter will read higher than actual altitude) Blocked Static Port: freezes pointer indication. |
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| Airspeed Indicator |
Ram
air from pitot tube presses against metalic aneroid disk enclosed in a
sealed case vented to static port.
Errors: Position error: Aircraft attitude and configuration may alter slipstream flow around fuselage and disturb static air. Air Density Error: Changes in altitude and air temperature. Blockage: Pitot blocked/Static okay: ASI goes to zero; Pitot blocked/Static okay/Drain blocked: ASI acts like altimeter. Use of alternate static air will result in small increases in indicated airspeed (~10 kts) and altitude (~50') |
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| Attitude Indicator |
Gyro
instrument.
Errors: Tumbling when >60 deg pitch and >100 deg roll (older models) Tolerance: gyro should erect within 5 minutes of start up and should not indicate >5 deg bank in taxi turns. |
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| Turn Coordinator |
Electric
Indicates both rate of roll and rate of turn (3 deg/sec) and indirect indication of bank angle. |
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| BASIC ATTITUDE INSTRUMENTS | |||
| Pitch | Bank | Power | |
| Straight & Level | |||
| Primary | Altimeter | Heading Indicator | Airspeed Indicator |
| Supporting | Attitude Indicator / VSI | Attitude indicator / Turn Coord. | MP/Tach |
| Airspeed change in Straight & Level | |||
| Primary | Altimeter | Heading Indicator | Airspeed Indicator |
| Supporting | Attitude Indicator / VSI | Attitude indicator / Turn Coord. | MP/Tach |
| Constant Rate Climb | |||
| Primary | VSI | Heading Indicator | Airspeed Indicator |
| Supporting | Attitude Indicator | Attitude indicator / Turn Coord. | MP/Tach |
| Establishing a Level Standard Rate Turn | |||
| Primary | Altimeter | Attitude Indicator | Airspeed Indicator |
| Supporting | Attitude Indicator/VSI | Turn Coord. | MP/Tach |
| Transitioning from Straight & Level to Constant Airspeed | |||
| Primary | Attitude Indicator | Heading Indicator | MP/Tach |
| Supporting | Airspeed Indicator/VSI | Attitude Indicator/Turn Coord | Airspeed Indicator |
| Stabilized Standard Rate Turn | |||
| Primary | Altimeter | Turn Coord | Airspeed Indicator |
| Supporting | Airspeed Indicator/VSI | Attitude Indicator | MP/Tach |
| Straight Constant Airspeed Climb | |||
| Primary | Airspeed Indicator | Heading Indicator | MP/Tach |
| Supporting | Attitude Indicator/VSI | Attitude Indicator/Turn Coord. | Airspeed Indicator |
| Change in Airspeed in Level Turn | |||
| Primary | Altimeter | Turn Coord | Airspeed Indicator |
| Supporting | Airspeed Indicator/VSI | Attitude Indicator | Airspeed Indicator |
| As Power is Increased to Straight, Constant Rate Climb | |||
| Primary | Airspeed Indicator | Heading Indicator | MP/Tach |
| Supporting | Attitude Indicator/VSI | Attitude Indicator/Turn Coord | |