Observations on the Beware
of the Region of Reverse Command article published in the
December 4, 2005 issue of Over the Airwaves by Bill
Klepser, Professional Engineer and (inactive) CFI
I agree completely with your
statement that "you've got to know the aerodynamics". Stick and
rudder flying is all about controlling the forces acting on the
aircraft and managing it's energy. As an engineer and CFI, I don't
know how you can successfully teach basic flying or tail wheel
transition without giving a thorough background in the aerodynamics.
I found your last issue as interesting as all the rest. However, I
think your explanation of the "reverse command" region is a bit
misleading.
"Point #1, however, shows what happens when operating in the region
of reverse command (behind the power curve). Here, as power is
increased, airspeed decreases. As power is decreased, airspeed
increases." That suggests that when operating below best L/D
airspeed (like MCA), if you shut the engine off, you will
accelerate. Also, go-arounds would not be possible, as adding power
would reduce airspeed. This contradicts our common experience in
slow flight. I believe the problem is a common misunderstanding of
the basis of the standard curve relating power and airspeed.
I think much of the problem is the form of the conventional graph,
with airspeed on the x (horizontal) axis. Normally that is the
independent variable (which you change to get the result shown on
the y (vertical) axis. In truth, the curve shown is properly
called the "power required curve". It is described (in more
technical detail than any regular person would ever want to see) in
the book "Aerodynamics for Naval Aviators". (This is perhaps the
best discussion of aerodynamics and its role in flying, but it may
be too deep for most people). The curve is a plot of the power
required to maintain straight-&-level flight at different airspeeds.
The relationship only applies to maintaining straight and level
flight.
In the "normal command" region, as airspeed increases, more power is
needed to maintain straight and level flight. If you slow down, less
power will be required to maintain S&L. If you are established in
straight and level flight and increase power, one of two things
happens. If you maintain a level attitude, the excess power will
cause an increase in airspeed to the point where the power required
(at the new airspeed) equals the power that is available. If you
maintain the airspeed (pitch up), you will have excess power for
that airspeed, and you will not maintain straight & level (you will
climb). This is what you normally do to climb: add power and pitch
up to maintain airspeed.
If established in straight and level flight in the reverse command
region, the opposite effects occur. If you slow down (pitch up),
more power is needed to maintain straight and level flight. If power
is not added, you will descend. This is what happens in slow flight
- you must add power to maintain altitude as you slow down. If you
relax back pressure slightly, the aircraft will accelerate. As the
speed increases, you will need less power to maintain S&L, reversing
the power you had to add as you slowed down. This is also how you
recover from slow flight, eventually reducing power to maintain
straight and level. If you add power and don't act to slow down, but
control pitch to maintain airspeed, then you will have more power
applied than is required, and the aircraft will depart from straight
& level. It will climb. Climb is caused by excess power (more power
than is required for S&L). If you don't control pitch to maintain
airspeed, but instead maintain altitude, then the airspeed will
start to increase. As speed increases, even less power is required
and acceleration continues until you pass onto the front side of the
curve. The airspeed will increase until it reaches the speed at
which the required power is equal to the power you have applied and
it will stabilize there.
I think the key to understanding the curve is remembering that it
only describes the power required to maintain straight and level
flight at each airspeed. The effects of changing airspeed or power
require that you also act to maintain straight and level flight. I
always stress to my students (or engineers I am working with) that
if using a curve, equation, or theory gives answers that seem to
contradict experience (experimental data), we need to examine our
understanding or application of it. There are often assumptions or
conditions (like maintaining S&L) that limit the application but are
not always clearly stated. The standard stall speed versus angle of
bank curve is another case, (assuming maintaining altitude), but
that's another topic.
Anyway, keep up the good work. Even though I'm not actively flying,
I look forward to each issue of Over the Airwaves. The aviation
community needs more instructors like you who demonstrate your
concern for us all.
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